This cube displays the chemical elements of the Periodic Table ranging from element number 1 (H: Hydrogen) to 118 (Og: Oganesson). Colors represent different categories of elements. The Lanthanides are displayed on the upper face and the Actinides on the lower face.
The layout of the Periodic Table Cube was created in 2012 by Werner Kahl and Walter Randelshofer.
The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on a basis of their properties. Elements are presented in increasing atomic number; while rectangular in general outline, gaps are included in the rows or periods to keep elements with similar properties together, such as the noble gases, in columns or groups, forming distinct rectangular areas or blocks. Because the periodic table accurately predicts the properties of various elements and the relations between properties, its use is widespread within chemistry, providing a useful framework for analysing chemical behavior, as well as in other sciences.
The table consists of 7 rows or periods and 18 columns or groups. Elements of the same period have the same number of electron shells; with each group across a period, the elements have one more proton and electron and become less metallic.
The current table was almost simultaneously and independently developed in 1869 by Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) and Lothar Meyer (1930-1895). It was used to illustrate periodic trends in the properties of the then-known elements. The layout has been refined and extended as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models developed to explain chemical behavior.
All elements from atomic numbers 1 (H: Hydrogen) to 118 (Og: Oganesson) have been either discovered or synthesized. The first 98 elements exist in nature, although some are found only in trace amounts and others were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature. Elements 99 (Es: Einsteinium) to 118 (Og: Oganesson) have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors. The synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is currently being pursued: these elements would begin an eighth row, and theoretical work has been done to suggest possible candidates for this extension. Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories.
| Atomic # | Symbol | Name | Atomic Mass | Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | Hydrogen | 1.00794 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 2 | He | Helium | 4.002602 | ◼ Noble gas |
| 3 | Li | Lithium | 6.941 | ◼ Alkali metal |
| 4 | Be | Beryllium | 9.012182 | ◼ Alkaline earth metal |
| 5 | B | Boron | 10.811 | ◼ Metalloid |
| 6 | C | Carbon | 12.0107 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 7 | N | Nitrogen | 14.0067 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 8 | O | Oxygen | 15.9994 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 9 | F | Fluorine | 18.9984032 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 10 | Ne | Neon | 20.1797 | ◼ Noble gas |
| 11 | Na | Sodium | 22.98976928 | ◼ Alkali metal |
| 12 | Mg | Magnesium | 24.3050 | ◼ Alkaline earth metal |
| 13 | Al | Aluminium | 26.9815386 | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 14 | Si | Silicon | 28.0855 | ◼ Metalloid |
| 15 | P | Phosphorus | 30.973762 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 16 | S | Sulfur | 32.065 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 17 | Cl | Chlorine | 35.453 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 18 | Ar | Argon | 39.948 | ◼ Noble gas |
| 19 | K | Potassium | 39.0983 | ◼ Alkali metal |
| 20 | Ca | Calcium | 40.078 | ◼ Alkaline earth metal |
| 21 | Sc | Scandium | 44.955912 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 22 | Ti | Titanium | 47.867 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 23 | V | Vanadium | 50.9415 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 24 | Cr | Chromium | 51.9961 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 25 | Mn | Manganese | 54.938045 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 26 | Fe | Iron | 55.845 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 27 | Co | Cobalt | 58.933195 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 28 | Ni | Nickel | 58.6934 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 29 | Cu | Copper | 63.546 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 30 | Zn | Zinc | 65.38 | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 31 | Ga | Gallium | 69.723 | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 32 | Ge | Germanium | 72.63 | ◼ Metalloid |
| 33 | As | Arsenic | 74.92160 | ◼ Metalloid |
| 34 | Se | Selenium | 78.96 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 35 | Br | Bromine | 79.904 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 36 | Kr | Krypton | 83.798 | ◼ Noble gas |
| 37 | Rb | Rubidium | 85.4678 | ◼ Alkali metal |
| 38 | Sr | Strontium | 87.62 | ◼ Alkaline earth metal |
| 39 | Y | Yttrium | 88.90585 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 40 | Zr | Zirconium | 91.224 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 41 | Nb | Niobium | 92.90638 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 42 | Mo | Molybdenum | 95.96 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 43 | Tc | Technetium | 98 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 44 | Ru | Ruthenium | 101.07 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 45 | Rh | Rhodium | 102.90550 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 46 | Pd | Palladium | 106.42 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 47 | Ag | Silver | 107.8682 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 48 | Cd | Cadmium | 112.411 | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 49 | In | Indium | 114.818 | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 50 | Sn | Tin | 118.710 | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 51 | Sb | Antimony | 121.760 | ◼ Metalloid |
| 52 | Te | Tellurium | 127.60 | ◼ Metalloid |
| 53 | I | Iodine | 126.90447 | ◼ Reactive nonmetal |
| 54 | Xe | Xenon | 131.293 | ◼ Noble gas |
| 55 | Cs | Caesium | 132.9054519 | ◼ Alkali metal |
| 56 | Ba | Barium | 137.33 | ◼ Alkaline earth metal |
| 57 | La | Lanthanum | 138.90547 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 58 | Ce | Cerium | 140.116 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 59 | Pr | Praseodymium | 140.90765 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 60 | Nd | Neodymium | 144.242 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 61 | Pm | Promethium | (145) | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 62 | Sm | Samarium | 150.36 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 63 | Eu | Europium | 151.964 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 64 | Gd | Gadolinium | 157.25 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 65 | Tb | Terbium | 158.92535 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 66 | Dy | Dysprosium | 162.500 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 67 | Ho | Holmium | 164.93032 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 68 | Er | Erbium | 167.259 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 69 | Tm | Thulium | 168.93421 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 70 | Yb | Ytterbium | 173.054 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 71 | Lu | Lutetium | 174.9668 | ◼ Lanthanide |
| 72 | Hf | Hafnium | 178.49 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 73 | Ta | Tantalum | 180.94788 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 74 | W | Tungsten | 183.84 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 75 | Re | Rhenium | 186.207 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 76 | Os | Osmium | 190.23 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 77 | Ir | Iridium | 192.217 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 78 | Pt | Platinum | 195.084 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 79 | Au | Gold | 196.966569 | ◼ Transition metal |
| 80 | Hg | Mercury | 200.59 | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 81 | Tl | Thallium | 204.3833 | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 82 | Pb | Lead | 207.2 | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 83 | Bi | Bismuth | 208.98040 | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 84 | Po | Polonium | (209) | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 85 | At | Astatine | (210) | ◼ Metalloid |
| 86 | Rn | Radon | (222) | ◼ Noble gas |
| 87 | Fr | Francium | (223) | ◼ Alkali metal |
| 88 | Ra | Radium | (226.03) | ◼ Alkaline earth metal |
| 89 | Ac | Actinium | (227) | ◼ Actinide |
| 90 | Th | Thorium | 232.0381 | ◼ Actinide |
| 91 | Pa | Protactinium | 231.03588 | ◼ Actinide |
| 92 | U | Uranium | 238.02891 | ◼ Actinide |
| 93 | Np | Neptunium | (237) | ◼ Actinide |
| 94 | Pu | Plutonium | (244) | ◼ Actinide |
| 95 | Am | Americium | (243) | ◼ Actinide |
| 96 | Cm | Curium | (247) | ◼ Actinide |
| 97 | Bk | Berkelium | (247) | ◼ Actinide |
| 98 | Cf | Californium | (251) | ◼ Actinide |
| 99 | Es | Einsteinium | (252) | ◼ Actinide |
| 100 | Fm | Fermium | (257) | ◼ Actinide |
| 101 | Md | Mendelevium | (258) | ◼ Actinide |
| 102 | No | Nobelium | (259) | ◼ Actinide |
| 103 | Lr | Lawrencium | (266) | ◼ Actinide |
| 104 | Rf | Rutherfordium | (267) | ◼ Transition metal |
| 105 | Db | Dubnium | (268) | ◼ Transition metal |
| 106 | Sg | Seaborgium | (269) | ◼ Transition metal |
| 107 | Bh | Bohrium | (270) | ◼ Transition metal |
| 108 | Hs | Hassium | (270) | ◼ Transition metal |
| 109 | Mt | Meitnerium | (278) | ◼ unknown |
| 110 | Ds | Darmstadtium | (281) | ◼ unknown |
| 111 | Rg | Roentgenium | (282) | ◼ unknown |
| 112 | Cn | Copernicium | (285) | ◼ Post-transition metal |
| 113 | Nh | Nihonium | (286) | ◼ unknown |
| 114 | Fl | Flerovium | (289) | ◼ unknown |
| 115 | Mc | Moscovium | (290) | ◼ unknown |
| 116 | Lv | Livermorium | (293) | ◼ unknown |
| 117 | Ts | Tennessine | (294) | ◼ unknown |
| 118 | Og | Oganesson | (294) | ◼ unknown |